Continuous Flash Suppression and Monocular Pattern Masking Impact Subjective Awareness Similarly
December 2019
Volume 19, Issue 14
Figure 1
Procedures of Experiment 1. In each trial, different image sequences were presented to the left eye and to the right eye (i.e., to the separate video monitors). One eye viewed different exemplar images of objects (shown here) or of scenes, with successive images each being presented for 13.33 ms. The other eye viewed a rotating pinwheel grating whose contrast was initially low and then steadily increased over time, a maneuver ensuring that participants initially saw only the image sequence and not the pinwheel grating. Participants pressed one of two computer keys as soon as they could discern the grating's direction of rotation, which varied between CW and CCW randomly over trials.
Figure 2
Results of Experiment 1. (a) Each dot plots the average breakthrough time (BT) for a participant measured for the object sequence trials and for the scene sequence trials. (b) The bar chart shows normalized BTs for object and for scene sequences averaged over all participants; error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. (c) Using the shift-plot format (Rousselet et al., 2017), these clusters of data points show normalized BTs for every individual trial aggregated over all participants, for object and for scene sequences. Each dot designates the BT for a given trial, black lines indicate 50th percentile, and gray lines indicate 10th and 90th percentiles.
Figure 3
Dissimilarity matrices of the entire set of object images (left panel) and the entire set of scene images (right panel) used in Experiment 1. Dissimilarity between two images is defined as the average RGB distance of every pixel inside the circular aperture. Dissimilarity between the same images (i.e., minimum dissimilarity) is thus 0, and at its maximum the dissimilarity value can be a cube root of 3 (1 + 1 + 1, each for red, green, and blue luminance differences).
Figure 4
Average amplitude spectra (a) and variance of contrast energy in the amplitude spectra (b) for object images and scene images.
Figure 5
Examples of images comprising continuous flash suppression (CFS) sequences. The top row shows exemplars from the object/scene image database, the middle row shows pointillist images made from the exemplars in the top row, and the bottom row shows scrambled pointillist images made by randomly relocating dots from the pointillist images in the middle row. See Supplementary Movies S1–S4 for examples of object and scene animations—normal and scrambled.
Figure 6
Average amplitude spectra of normal and scrambled pointillist images portraying objects (a) and scenes (b), and variance of contrast energy in the amplitude spectra of normal and scrambled pointillist images portraying objects (c) and scenes (d). Each image in the object/scene database was converted to a grayscale pointillist image (normal) that was also used to generate a scrambled version of that pointillist image. The amplitude spectra for each was derived, and the solid and dashed lines in (a) and (b) are the averages of those amplitude spectra. The solid and dashed lines in (c) and (d) are the variances of those amplitude spectra.
Figure 7
Results of Experiment 2. (a) The bar chart plots normalized breakthrough times (BTs) averaged over all participants, with error bars denoting 95% confidence intervals. (b) Shift-plot graphs show normalized BTs for every trial aggregated from all participants. Each dot represents one trial, black lines indicate 50th percentile, and gray lines indicate 10th and 90th percentiles.
Figure 8
Series of transformations for converting an image to a contrast-matched grayscale pointillist image. Resulting normal and scrambled pointillist images (i.e., images in the rightmost two columns) were used for the replication of Experiment 2.
Figure 9
Results from the replication of Experiment 2 using grayscale pointillist images. (a) The bar chart plots normalized breakthrough times (BTs) averaged over all 10 participants (six of whom participated in the color version of Experiment 2), with error bars denoting 95% confidence intervals. (b) Shift-plot graphs show normalized BTs for every trial aggregated from all participants. Each dot represents one trial, black lines indicate 50th percentile, and gray lines indicate 10th and 90th percentiles.
Figure 10
Procedures of Experiment 3. On each trial, two different image sequences were presented to the left and right eyes. In one eye's view, normal/scrambled pointillist images made from object/scene images were replaced at the rate of 9.375 Hz. In the other eye's view, a rotating pinwheel grating appeared at full contrast and then its contrast decreased over time. On most but not all trials, the abrupt onset of the high contrast grating promoted its immediate dominance. The rotation direction of the pinwheel changed unpredictably every few seconds, and participants reported the last direction of rotation perceived just before the grating succumbed to suppression.
Figure 11
Results of Experiment 3. (a) The bar chart shows normalized breakthrough times (BTs) averaged over all participants, with error bars indicating 95% confidence intervals. (b) Normalized BTs for every trial aggregated from all participants are shown in shift-plot format, where each dot represents one trial, black lines indicate 50th percentile, and gray lines indicate 10th and 90th percentiles.
Figure 12
Results of the replication using grayscale pointillist images. (a) Each dot plots the average breakthrough time (BT) for a participant measured for a mask type (normal object or normal scene pointillist images). The x- and y-axes represent BTs in the color (Experiment 2) and in the grayscale Experiments, respectively. Note that (a) BTs for object sequences are generally longer than BTs for scene sequences, and (b) that nearly all BT values fall below the unity line (i.e., are longer for color vs. grayscale image sequences). (b) Each dot plots the average BT for a participant measured for a mask type (object or scene pointillist images) in the grayscale Experiment. The x- and y-axes represent BTs for the normal and scrambled pointillist image sequences, respectively. Note that yellow outlined dots (BTs for the scene pointillist image sequences) are on or near the unity line, showing that BTs are similar for the normal and scrambled grayscale scene pointillist image sequences.
Table 1
Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA results of BTs in Experiment 2.
Table 2
Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA results of STs in Experiment 3.
Supplement 1
Supplement 2
Supplement 3
Supplement 4
Copyright 2019 The Authors
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Source: https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2756954
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